Scope & Standards
Why this platform targets EV battery packs — industry precedent and standard hierarchy
Assessment Level Hierarchyindustry practice
Cell
IEC 62660-1:2010
Module
IEC 62660-1 adapted
Pack ★
IEC 62619 · EU 2023/1542
System
IEC 62933 · UL 9540A
★ This platform operates at pack level. Cell-level ICA/DVA are derived non-invasively from pack terminal measurements at low C-rate (0.05–0.1C) — no disassembly required.
Standards Correctly Mapped to Level
| Standard | Level | Applies to |
|---|---|---|
| IEC 62660-1:2010 | Cell | SOH concept · 80% EOL · RUL definition |
| IEC 62660-2:2011 | Cell | DCR / HPPC methodology |
| IEC 62619:2022 | Pack ★ | Safety — mandatory before deployment |
| EU Reg 2023/1542 | Pack ★ | Battery Passport ≥ 2 kWh packs |
| IEC 62933-2:2023 | System | Grid-connected BESS parameters |
| UL 9540A:2023 | System | Thermal runaway propagation |
| ISO 15118-20 | V2G/Pack | BMS communication / pack data extraction |
RVFL Model: Cell Data → Pack ApplicationGTCC300 dataset
TRAINING LEVEL (Lab)
Cell-level data
GTCC300 dataset: individual Li-ion cells cycled at 0.2C in lab. IEC 62660-1:2010 protocol. Provides ground truth SOH fade curves for model training.
→
Feature mapping via
pack terminal V/I/T
at low C-rate
pack terminal V/I/T
at low C-rate
INFERENCE LEVEL (Commercial)
Pack-level inference ★
RVFL predicts pack SOH from pack terminal V(SOC) curve (0.05C discharge, non-invasive). Pack SOH = mean cell SOH with cell-to-pack correction factor (k_cp ≈ 0.97–0.99 for parallel strings).
⚠ Cell-to-pack capacity scaling: a 40 Ah rated pack may contain 96 cells in a 2P48S arrangement. Pack SOH assessment measures total pack Ah at the terminals under BMS supervision. Do NOT apply individual cell Ah norms directly to pack measurements without accounting for string configuration.
Real-World Second-Life Operators (Pack Level)public data 2024
| Operator | Pack Source | Assessment Level | Capacity | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nissan 4R Energy | Nissan LEAF (LMO-NMC) | Module/Pack | 7.5 MW installed | Grid storage (Japan) |
| VW Hannover BESS | VW e-Golf packs | Pack | 2.5 MWh | Factory peak shaving |
| BMW i Second Life | BMW i3 (LMO-NMC) | Pack | 2.8 MWh | Amsterdam light grid |
| Renault Re-factory | Renault Zoe (NMC) | Module | 1+ MWh/yr | Stationary BESS (FR) |
| Spiers New Technologies | Multi-OEM | Pack | 100s MWh | C&I BESS (US) |
Operations Overview
142 EV battery packs · 87 active BESS deployments · Fleet avg SOH 84.3% · IEC 62619:2022 certified fleet
Packs Deployed
87packs
▲ 6 this quarter
Fleet Avg SOH
84.3%
EOL @80% IEC 62619:2022
Total Energy
14.2MWh
▲ 1.4 MWh vs Q3
Revenue YTD
$1.24M
▲ 18.3% YoY
Pack SOH DistributionIEC 62619:2022 bands
SOH ≥ 90%28 packs
SOH 85–90%31 packs
SOH 80–85%28 packs
Pending/EOL55 packs
Recent ActivityLive
09:14 today
PACK-0821 (Tesla 60 kWh) IEC 62619 capacity check passed · SOH 87.2%
08:51 today
PACK-0734 (LEAF 40 kWh) degraded to 81.4% SOH · re-grading scheduled
07:30 today
Site-04 BESS frequency regulation dispatch active · 0.5C · IEC 62933-2
Yesterday
PACK-0612 (LEAF 24 kWh) SOH 80.1% · IEC 62619 EOL criterion reached
Incoming Packs — Pending Assessment3 queued
| Pack ID | OEM / Model | Chemistry | Rated Capacity | Nominal Voltage | Cell Config | Age | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PACK-0901 | Nissan LEAF Gen3 (2019) | LMO-NMC | 40 kWh | 350 V | 2P96S pouch | 6.2 yr | Queued |
| PACK-0902 | Tesla Model 3 SR+ (2020) | LFP | 60 kWh | 355 V | 1P106S cyl. | 4.1 yr | Queued |
| PACK-0903 | BYD Han EV (2021) | LFP Blade | 76.9 kWh | 403 V | 1P102S blade | 3.8 yr | In Test |
EV Battery Pack Fleet
Pack-level registry · IEC 62619:2022 certified · kWh-rated capacity · sorted by SOH
Pack SOH Assessment
Non-invasive pack-level test · IEC 62619:2022 safety + capacity protocol · ISO 15118-20 BMS data extraction
Pack Capacity Test IEC 62619:2022
0.1C (I₁₀) discharge from 100% SOC to BMS cut-off · 25°C ± 2°C · 3 cycles · Cycle 3 capacity used · BMS must not intervene / balance during test
Pack ID
OEM Rated Capacity
From OEM datasheet — PACK level
Nominal Pack Voltage
OEM nominal V_nom
Measured Energy (cycle 3)
0.1C, 25°C, BMS supervised
Pack DCR (10-s HPPC pulse)
At 50% SOC · pack terminals
Cell Config (from OEM)
Series × Parallel
Calendar Age
Cycle Count (BMS reported)
Assessment Result
Pack SOH = E_meas / E_rated × 10085.0%
Rated energy (OEM, pack)76.9 kWh
Measured energy (cycle 3)65.4 kWh
Usable energy (80% DoD)52.3 kWh
Margin to EOL (80%)+5.0%
Est. RUL (linear fade)~178 cycles
IEC 62619:2022 GradeGrade A
Pack DCR AssessmentModerate
PACK SOH SCALE (IEC 62619:2022)
0%80% EOL90%100%
System Architecture
Pack-level second-life platform · ISO 15118-20 · IEC 62619 · IEC 61968/61970 CIM · MQTT v5 · EU Battery Passport API
L1 EV Battery Packs (Physical Assets)
Retired EV Pack
BMS · ISO 15118-20
SOC/SOH/temp/cycle
SOC/SOH/temp/cycle
Pack Lab Cycler
Arbin BT-2143
0.1C · 25°C · IEC 62619
0.1C · 25°C · IEC 62619
Deployed BESS Pack
Field BMS telemetry
RS485 / CAN bus
RS485 / CAN bus
L2 Data Acquisition & Edge
BMS Gateway
ISO 15118-20 decode
CAN/OBD · OBD-II
CAN/OBD · OBD-II
Pack Data Normaliser
IEC 62619 QC format
kWh · V · A · °C
kWh · V · A · °C
MQTT v5 Broker
TLS 1.3 · IEC 62351-3
Eclipse Mosquitto
Eclipse Mosquitto
L3 Cloud Data Platform
Pack Time-Series DB
InfluxDB / Timescale
V, I, T, E, SOC/SOH
V, I, T, E, SOC/SOH
Stream Pipeline
Apache Kafka / Kinesis
Pack event triggers
Pack event triggers
Pack Data Lake
S3 / Azure Blob
Parquet · GDPR-masked
Parquet · GDPR-masked
L4 Analytics Engine (RVFL · ICA · RUL)
RVFL Pack SOH Engine
IEC 62619 SOH formula
MAE 0.394% calibrated
MAE 0.394% calibrated
Pack ICA Module
dQ/dV from terminals
Dubarry 2011 · non-inv.
Dubarry 2011 · non-inv.
RUL Forecast
IEC 62619 §EOL @ 80%
P10/P50/P90 bounds
P10/P50/P90 bounds
L5 Decision, Dispatch & Compliance
Pack Grader & Router
IEC 62619 AA/A/B/EOL
BESS / UPS / recycle
BESS / UPS / recycle
BESS EMS / SCADA
IEC 61968/61970 CIM
IEC 62933-2 grid API
IEC 62933-2 grid API
Battery Passport API
EU Reg 2023/1542
DPP · QR endpoint
DPP · QR endpoint
Click a node
Select any node in the architecture diagram to view technical specifications, data schemas, and governing standards.
Idle
Working Principle
8-step EV pack second-life assessment protocol · non-invasive · IEC 62619:2022 + EU Reg 2023/1542
1
Pack intake & documentation
EU Reg 2023/1542 · ISO 6469-1
2
Safety screening (IEC 62619)
IEC 62619:2022 · IEC 60664
3
BMS data extraction
ISO 15118-20 · OBD-II · CAN
4
Pack capacity test (0.1C)
IEC 62619:2022 §5 · 25°C
5
Pack SOH calculation
SOH = E_meas / E_rated × 100
6
Pack DCR & ICA (non-invasive)
IEC 62660-2 adapted · Dubarry 2011
7
RVFL SOH/RUL prediction
Pack-level inference · Pao 2011
8
Grade & route pack
IEC 62619 AA/A/B · BESS/UPS/EOL
POC Live Demo — EV Pack Discharge Simulation
Physics-based pack terminal discharge · 0.1C non-invasive protocol · IEC 62619:2022 · Pack-level SOH calculation
EV PACK MODEL
Pack SOH85%
Temperature25°C
DISCHARGE RATE
Ready — select pack model and press Run Pack Test
0.0 h simulated
Pack Discharge Curve — E(SOC) at pack terminalsIEC 62619
Pack IC Curve — dQ_pack/dV_pack (non-invasive)Dubarry 2011
—
Pack Voltage (V)
100%
Pack SOC
—
Energy Discharged (kWh)
—
IC dQ/dV (Ah/V)
Techno-Economic Analysis
Pack-level NPV/LCOS model · NREL 2024 ATB · BloombergNEF 2024 · FERC OASIS 2023 · PJM RPM FY2023/24
Parameters
Pack
Market
Costs
Pack Rated Energy
OEM nameplate, pack level
Pack SOH (current)
DoD IEC 62619 80%
Max Power (0.5C) NREL ATB
Round-Trip Efficiency
Li-ion BESS typ. 92–94%
Cycles/Year NREL 2024 ATB
Horizon IEC 62619 15yr
Results
Net Present Value (NPV)—
Simple Payback—
Annual Revenue—
LCOS (levelised)—
Total CapEx (pack)—
NPV = Σ(Net/year / (1+WACC)ᵗ) − CapEx. Sources: NREL 2024 ATB · PJM RPM · FERC OASIS 2023 · BloombergNEF 2024.
Business Model
EV battery pack second-life services · Osterwalder BMC · NREL 2024 ATB · BloombergNEF 2024 · IEA EV Outlook 2024
Business Model Canvas Osterwalder 2010
🤝Key Partners
EV OEMs (Nissan, BMW, BYD, VW)Pack supply
Li-Cycle, Redwood MaterialsEOL recycle
Grid operators (PJM, CAISO)FR revenue
TÜV, SGS labsIEC 62619 cert
BMS integrators (CATL, LG)Pack BMS
⚙️Key Activities
Pack SOH assessment (IEC 62619)
Pack repurposing + BMS retrofit
RVFL AI inference (pack level)
BESS dispatch 0.5C per NREL ATB
EU Battery Passport compliance
Predictive RUL monitoring
💡Value Propositions (Pack Level)
40–60% cost vs new utility BESSBloombergNEF 2024
Non-invasive assessment — no cell teardown
IEC 62619:2022 certified safe deployment
EU Battery Passport ready (pack ≥ 2 kWh)
AI SOH/RUL with 0.394% MAE accuracy
Extends EV pack life 8–12 additional years
🤙Customer Relations
15-yr pack O&M contracts
SaaS monitoring API access
Performance SLA guarantee
Automated RUL alerts
👥Segments
Utilities — grid BESS
C&I — behind-meter
Telecom — tower UPS
Municipalities — microgrids
🏗️Key Resources
Pack inventory pipeline
Arbin/Maccor test equipment
RVFL + ICA AI models
IEC 62619 certifications
BMS/SCADA integration
📡Channels
Direct utility sales
EV OEM partnerships
EPC / system integrators
Online SaaS portal
💸Cost Structure (per 76.9 kWh BYD Han pack)
Pack acquisition~$20/kWh
Repurpose + BMS retrofit$120/kWh
IEC 62619 safety cert$2,000/pack
Annual O&M (NREL 2024 ATB)$4/kWh-yr
WACC (NREL 2024 ATB)7%
Total CapEx per pack~$12,700
💰Revenue Streams
Pack sale to BESS integrator$50–80/kWh
Energy arbitrage (EIA 2023)$0.10/kWh
Freq regulation (PJM RegD)$22/kW-yr
Capacity payment (PJM RPM)$45/kW-yr
SaaS monitoring platform$1,200/site-yr
Carbon credits (EU ETS+VCM)$15–25/tCO₂
76.9 kWh Pack Annual P&LNREL 2024 ATB
Net Annual Cash Flow$4,470/yr
NPV (15 yr, 7% WACC, per pack)$22,840
LCOS vs $275/kWh new BESS$0.092/kWh
Simple Payback5.1 yr
Market Sizing BloombergNEF / IEA 2024
TAM — Global BESS market 2030$38B
SAM — Second-life pack segment 2030$4.9B
SOM — 5% achievable share$245M
EV packs reaching EOL by 2030~250 GWh
Second-life market CAGR 2023–30~32%
Cost saving vs new BESS (pack level)40–60%
Extended pack service life+8–12 yr
Sources: BloombergNEF Energy Storage Market Outlook 2024 · IEA Global EV Outlook 2024 · NREL 2021 doi:10.2172/1788959
Certification & Compliance
Standards correctly mapped to pack and system levels
Pack & System Standards
IEC 62619:2022 Pack ★Active
Primary pack-level safety standard. Mandatory before any second-life deployment. Covers thermal, electrical, and mechanical safety. Includes capacity test protocol and 80% SOH EOL criterion. 15-yr design life basis.
EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 Pack ≥2kWh ★Action Required
Applies to all EV battery packs ≥ 2 kWh. Battery Passport (Art. 13–15) mandatory Aug 2027. Carbon footprint declaration Feb 2025 for LMT batteries. Digital Product Passport (DPP) with QR code.
IEC 62933-2:2023 System ★In Progress
Grid-connected EES system parameters and testing. Pack-level data feeds system-level compliance. Required for utility BESS interconnection.
UL 9540A:2023 System ★Renewal Due
Thermal runaway fire propagation test for complete BESS installation. Required by US AHJs for grid connection. Site-01 due 2025-02-28.
IEC 62660-1:2010 Cell — reference onlyReference
Defines SOH concept (§5.1), 80% EOL criterion (§5.2), and RUL (§5.2) at cell level. Used as conceptual basis for pack SOH formula. Not directly applied to pack testing. RVFL model trained on cell-level GTCC300 data using this standard.
UN 38.3:2023Active
Transport testing for Li-ion packs. Altitude, thermal, vibration, shock, external short, impact, overcharge. Required for all pack logistics and shipping.
EU Battery Passport Readiness Pack ≥ 2 kWh · Art. 13–15
Pack chemistry & cell configuration✓ Ready
OEM-reported SOH at EV retirement✓ Ready
Second-life repurposing record✓ Ready
Carbon footprint (cradle-to-gate)In Progress
Cobalt / lithium responsible sourcingIn Progress
Pack-level hazardous substance infoIn Progress
End-of-life recycling pathwayNot Started
Digital Product Passport (QR/API link)Not Started
EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542 applies at the pack level (≥ 2 kWh) — not the cell level. All DPP requirements are for the battery pack as a unit.